Biology

The Calvin cycle, also known as the light-independent reactions, occur in the stroma of the chloroplasts and do not require light to occur. The stroma is the fluid-filled space surrounding the thylakoid membranes. It contains the enzymes necessary for the Calvin cycle, which uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to convert carbon dioxide into glucose.

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Thylakoid membrane is where the light-dependent reactions occur.

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