Biology

ATP synthase is located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, playing a key role in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. During these reactions, light energy is absorbed by pigments in the photosystems, which drives the movement of protons (H⁺) across the thylakoid membrane into the thylakoid lumen. The proton gradient created across the thylakoid membrane powers ATP synthase, which then synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi (inorganic phosphate).

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The stroma is the fluid-filled space within the inner membrane of the chloroplast. It is the site of the light-independent reactions (Calv...