Biology

The correct answer is: A.Primary succession.

In this scenario, an undersea volcano erupts and creates a new island, which initially has no soil or organic material. This type of environment is typical for primary succession, as it begins on bare rock or newly-formed land where no ecosystem has previously existed.

Primary succession proceeds as pioneer species (like lichens and certain mosses) colonize the bare rock, break it down into smaller particles, and start the process of soil format...