Biology

The correct answer is:

D.Where life has not previously existed. On bare rock.

Here's why:

Primary succession begins in environments that have never supported life before, such as on bare rock, lava flows, or areas exposed by retreating glaciers. Since there is no soil or organic matter initially, pioneer species like lichens and certain hardy plants are the first to colonize the area, helping to create soil over time so that more complex organisms can follow.

The other options are not correct because:

A.At random: Succession is not random; it follows a predictable series of stages depending on the environmental conditions and the s...