Biology

The correct answer is: A.Primary begins WITHOUT soil; Secondary begins WITH soil.

Explanation:

1.Primary succession starts in an area that has no soil, such as on bare rock after a volcanic eruption or glacier retreat. In primary succession, soil must first form before plants can grow. Pioneer species like mosses and lichens are typically the first to colonize the area and help break down rock into soil.

2.Secondary succession occurs in an area where soil is already present, such as after a disturbance like a forest fire, farming, or a flood. Since the soil remains intact, the process of succession can happen more quickly compared to primary succession. Plants can begin to grow right away, and the community can recover more rapidly.

Why the other options are incorrect: