Biology

The correct answer is: no soil.

Primary succession occurs in an area where no soil exists initially, such as on bare rock, after a volcanic eruption, or when a glacier retreats. In primary succession, the first organisms to colonize the area are typically pioneer species like lichens and mosses, which help break down the rock into smaller particles and eventually create soil over time. As soil begins to form, more complex plants, like grasses and shrubs, can grow, followed by larger plants and trees.

Why the other options are incorrect: